This too burned down at some point, following which a third version of Building A1 was erected, containing only one annexe, on the eastern side. Critical commentary on Yeavering since Hope-Taylor has challenged some of his ideas and developed his thoughts in other respects. [36], In 1951, the archaeologist Brian Hope-Taylor examined these aerial photographs to determine whether they could show the 7th century royal township described by Bede as Ad Gefrin. [25][26] Archaeologists came to this conclusion due to the complete lack of any objects associated with normal domestic use, such as a scatter of animal bones of broken pot sherds. Numerous inhumation burials occupied the site, and amongst them, the grave of a child, tightly trussed up in foetal position. Four buildings in the set (A2, A4, A3a, A3b) had floor areas of up to about 300 square metres. In a field to the north of Yeavering Bell, to the south of the road as you pass the hill, you will find what is known as the Yeavering Battle Stone. In the later stages (A3a and A3b) annexes appear at the ends and the interior space becomes divided into rooms. O’Brien C (2002) The Early Medieval Shires of Yeavering, Bamburgh and Breamish. This fort was the largest of its kind in Northumberland, and had dry stone walls constructed around both of the Bell's peaks. It was only rediscovered in 1949 when aerial photography revealed the outlines of 6th-century buildings. Barnwell has considered how the structure might be used in formal administrative functions and suggests that for these it draws upon practice from the Frankish world. [6] On the hill, over a hundred Iron Age roundhouses had been constructed, supporting a large local population. The yarn is worsted spun to accentuate the lustrous and luxurious nature of the fibres which dye beautifully. About a mile further west is the little village of Yeavering and to its west the standing stone called ‘The Battle Stone’ and then to its west a place called Old Yeavering, all of which are overlooked to the south by the best-known feature of Glendale, the distinctive hill called Yeavering Bell (1,182 ft). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. Yeavering Bell is spun from mohair from our herd of angora goats and Wensleydale wool from our own sheep. All the buildings were deliberately burnt down in 633 or 634, immediately after Edwin was killed in battle by Penda, king of the Mercians. A grave on the threshold of the Great Hall A4 contained a goat's skull which might indicate another animal cult associated with the name of the place, the goat's hill. The Battle of Yeavering was fought in 1415 between English and Scottish forces near Yeavering in Northumberland. The Trust has a website, www.gefrintrust.org, which gives news and information on the work it is currently undertaking in areas such as geophysical prospecting to identify additional structures at the site, new aerial photographs of the site (including some spectacular LIDAR imagery), and new work on the finds from Hope-Yaylor's excavation, thought lost but recently rediscovered following his death. Yeavering convinced Hope-Taylor that the Bernician kings had developed interests inland from Bamburgh through peaceful collaboration with the Britons at an earlier date. This leads to what might be called a minimalist view, as articulated recently by Tim Gates (2005), which sees the site originating as an ordinary Anglian farming settlement of the sixth century, subsequently elaborated. Together, these studies begin to suggest how a king may present himself at this place and how the architectural structures allow for formal behaviour and ceremonial. Other rectangular buildings, broadly similar to the first set of Great Halls though smaller, at the west end of the site (Area D) and to the north (Area C). Hope-Taylor called these Great Halls. Other estates in the territory, such as nearby Thirlings, whose central settlement has been excavated (O'Brien and Miket 1991), stand in a relationship of dependency to the central estate, bound by obligations of service. O’Brien C and Miket R (1991) The Early Medieval Settlement of Thirlings. [5], The Yeavering site had seen human settlement before the Early Mediaeval period. In the first detailed study of the Auditorium since Hope-Taylor's, Paul Barnwell (2005) was persuaded of Hope-Taylor's understanding of its structure and also of its reference to the Roman world; the theatres is an instrument of Roman provincial governance rather than imperial presence. Foremost is the matter of opposite gable-end doorways, something impossible to find with any probability in the many plans assembled by Bendix Trier (1969). Also considerable information is to be found on Gefrin.com, maintained and developed voluntarily for the trust by Brian Cosgrove as the main information point for the project. Lucy S (2005) Early Medieval Burial at Yeavering: a retrospective. [1] In 1422, he was a member of the Council of Regency during the minority of King Henry VI. Some of the burials are undoubtedly of pagan tradition, but Yeavering runs into the Christian era: Bede’s text is the narrative of a conversion episode in 627. Part of the ancient and possibly multi-phase field system to the south-east of the hillfort. The civil war between the factions of Armagnac and Burgundy showed no sign of ending. Tim Gates (2005) has shown that there was no field system but that Hope-Taylor misunderstood some periglacial features which he interpreted as field boundaries. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Yeavering&oldid=1008511119, Articles with disputed statements from August 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 23 February 2021, at 17:45. The set of four Great Halls of Area A, which are shown by excavation to have succeeded one after another, are judged to be the halls of four successive kings, Æthelfrith (592–616), Edwin (616–633), Oswald (635–642) and Oswiu (642–670) (numbers A2, A4, A3a and A3b respectively). One of the best sources of information that contemporary historians have about the Anglo-Saxon period of English history are the records made by an Anglo-Saxon monk named Bede (672/673-735) who lived at the monastery in Jarrow. A small English force consisting of 440 men led by the Earl of Westmoreland defeated 4000 Scots. Inhumation burials at the east and west ends of the site including, among these, graves set into already-existing prehistoric burial monuments, the Eastern and Western Ring Ditches. He speculated that the Anglo-Saxon communities were primarily settled around the coastal areas of Bernicia, where trade and other links would have been going on with other Anglo-Saxon populations elsewhere in Britain. 65–83 in Frodsham and O’Brien (eds). [6], In the 1st century CE, southern and central Britain was invaded by the forces of the Roman Empire, who took this area under their dominion. Oxford University's Project Woruldhord collects digital objects related to the teaching, study, or research of Old English and the Anglo-Saxon period of history, submitted via the website by members of the public, of academia, of special interest groups. In 1415, for example, he decisively defeated an invading Scottish army at the Battle of Yeavering. [18], Building C1 was a rectangular pit, leading archaeologists to speculate that it was the site of a water tank or cistern, and the presence of a layer of white ash led them to surmise that it had burnt down. The trust have entered a ten-year partnership agreement with DEFRA and now hold a 999-year lease for the site and all management decisions affecting it. Yeavering is a very small hamlet in the north-east corner of the civil parish of Kirknewton in the English county of Northumberland. "[8] Accompanying this symbolic reason for maintaining the seat of power in the vicinity, Hope-Taylor also noted that the area had some of the most easily cultivatable soil in the region, making it ideal for agriculture and the settlement of agricultural communities.[8]. Plate 3. [23], Building D2 was designed as "the exact counterpart of Building D1 in size, form and orientation", and the two were positioned in a precise alignment. Over the next many years, the Si… Paul Barnwell's analysis moves beyond the study of structure, phasing and chronology which have been the concern of much of the scholarship around Yeavering to a consideration of how a structure was used. Building A1 was initially a "plain, aisled hall, devoid of annexes" which had a doorway situated on every wall. [16] Buildings A6 and A7 were identified as being older than A5, but were of a similar size. He developed this view from the complex archaeological stratification which, he judged, could not be compressed into the seventh century but which implied a much longer period of use at the site. The 'Yeavering foot' (300 mm) was slightly shorter than the modern imperial unit. Yeavering presents several problems of general importance that can only be tackled in the light of comparative or documentary material. To the north of the Bell, the land drops off to a terrace 72 metres above sea level (usually known as the 'whaleback'), which is where the Anglo-Saxon settlement was located. This site is known from cropmarks at Milfield a few kilometres north-east (Gates and O'Brien 1988). Fought in the same year as the Battle of Agincourt, which famously demonstrated the efficacy of the longbow against cavalry, it is notable that the English side at Yeavering consisted mostly of archers. [24] Building D2 has been widely interpreted as a temple or shrine room dedicated to one or more of the gods of Anglo-Saxon paganism, making it the only known example of such a site yet found by archaeologists in England. The Battle of Yeavering (or Battle of Geteryne) was fought in 1415 between English and Scottish forces near Yeavering in Northumberland. The chronology for the excavated features is not securely established. The area was settled during the British Iron Age, when a hill fort was constructed on the Yeavering Bell hill. The Trust organised the first Open Days at the site in June 2007. Yeavering (/ˈjɛvəriŋ/) is a very small hamlet in the north-east corner of the civil parish of Kirknewton in the English county of Northumberland. One example is the well-known site of Yeavering in Northumberland, an important Anglo-Saxon royal palace excavated in the 1950s by the renowned archaeologist Brian Hope-Taylor. [10], Hope-Taylor also theorised that the Anglo-Saxon settlement at Yeavering had been situated there because the site had been important in the preceding Iron Age and Romano-British periods, and that its construction was therefore "a direct and deliberate reference to the traditional native institutions of the area. The placename Gefrin, which is a Brittonic name meaning 'hill of the goats', survives as the modern Yeavering. Taken together with Yeavering Bell hillfort, the site of Old Yeavering Anglo-Saxon township and Old Yeavering Henge, the Battle Stone forms an important part of a multi-period landscape from the Late Neoltihic through to the medieval period. O’Brien C (2005) The Great Enclosure. [1][dubious – discuss] Fought in the same year as the Battle of Agincourt, which famously demonstrated the efficacy of the longbow against cavalry, it is notable that the English side at Yeavering consisted mostly of archers. The Battle of Humbleton Hill was fought near the river in 1402, as was the Battle of Geteryne (Yeavering) in 1415. Does The Battle of Gwen Ystrat commemorate a great battle that took place in Wensleydale in North Yorkshire over 1400 years ago? This was re-erected and set in concrete in 1925, but is not thought to be far from its original position. As cited in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Theodric led a three-day battle against King Uriens of Rheged for the Isle of Winds. The body occupied only half of the grave area, while in the other half was placed a cow's tooth, another hint of cult practice involving cattle. A small English force consisting of 440 men led by the Earl of Westmoreland defeated 4000 Scots. Public access to the palace site has been granted. 153–160 in Frodsham and O’Brien (eds). A force of 4,000 Scots invaded northern England while King Henry V was preoccupied at the Battle of Agincourt in northern France. In the middle of this enclosure was a rectangular timber building, known as Building BC, which the excavators believed was contemporary with the rest of the enclosure. It is located on the River Glen at the northern edge of the Cheviot Hills. [22], Building D1 was described by Hope-Taylor as being an example of "strange incompetence" due to the various mistakes that apparently occurred during its construction. Outdoor route planner. In April 2000 archaeologist Roger Miket returned to north Northumberland after sixteen years living on Skye. Northumberland County Council, Northumberland National Park and a number of private bidders all showed an interest in the site but the final successful bidder was Roger. Romano-British artefacts have also been found in relation to these roundhouses, including two late Roman minimi and several shards of Samian ware. 22nd July 1415 Battle of Yeavering. Saint Aidan and Saint-King Oswald. It is aligned with the entrances of the henge, 122 metres to the west. We will also be there to demonstrate and explain how remote-sensing works, as well as carry out guided tours of the site. Rather than being destroyed in a fire, it is apparent that the building was intentionally demolished most likely because "in a new phase of construction" at the site, "it had ceased to be useful. The buildings were constructed to high standards, with timbers carefully measured and shaped to standard sizes. [17] Building B was another hall, this time with a western annexe. [31], Archaeologists have also identified a series of graves at the eastern end of the site, leading them to refer to this area as the Eastern Cemetery. St Joseph stepped in to protect the site, allowing Hope-Taylor to open up excavations in 1953. "[12] Archaeological excavators discovered that this building had been built on top of an earlier prehistoric burial pit. It was a large building, with wall timbers that were 5.5 to 6 inches thick set in trenches that varied from between 36 and 42 inches deep. The 'Battle Stone' at Yeavering. An alternative explanation since offered is that this was a building dedicated not to worship, but to mortuary preparations. [3], Strong winds persistently blow through the area from a west or south-westerly direction, often reaching level 8 (gale) and sometimes 12 (hurricane force) on the Beaufort Scale. In this period, a heavily inhabited hillfort was constructed on Yeavering Bell which appears to have been a major settlement centre at the time. 98–126 in Frodsham and O’Brien. This allows the Gefrin Trust website to concentrate on reporting news, comments and decisions relevant to the Trust. In one comment, Hope-Taylor compared the Great Enclosure to a Scandinavian Thing, or folk meeting place and behind this lies the idea that the Great Enclosure carries forward into the Early Medieval era functions of assembly which had once belonged at the hillfort on Yeavering Bell. The then current view (as expressed, for instance, in the final (1971) edition of Sir Frank Stenton's Anglo-Saxon England) was that the early Bernician kings were hemmed into their coastal stronghold at Bamburgh by aggressive British neighbours until Æthelfrith (592–616) succeeded in overcoming the Britons and expanding the kingdom. A later fire is attributed to an attack by Penda, King of Mercia, in the 650s. Hope-Taylor's team identified these burials as having undergone five separate phases, indicating that it had been used for a relatively long time.[32]. From the context the book would seem to refer to Yeavering Bell rather than the villa regis. A double-palisaded enclosure, the Great Enclosure, on the terrace edge at the east end of the complex. Hope-Taylor gives them a date around 550 but there is no reason why they should not be much nearer 600, and therefore in an Anglo-Saxon cultural context. Building B, associated with the cemetery, was initially interpreted as a church. He argued that this was evidenced by the heavily Anglicised place name evidence in that area. English Heritage: Barnwell P (2005) Anglian Yeavering: a continental perspective. It was however at some point demolished, and a new "massive and elaborate" version was built in its place. [11], Building A2 was a Great Hall with partitioning palisades that created ante-chambers at its two ends. This led him to a wider thesis on the origins of the kingdom of Bernicia. Catraeth is Catterick in North Yorkshire 1 and Prydyn is Pictland or Scotland. Pope Leo X… [15] However, Building A5 differed from these Great Halls, being described as "a house or even a cottage" by Hope-Taylor, and it apparently had a door on each of its walls. [10] On the other hand, he thought that the British populations were larger in the central regions of Bernicia, where very few Anglo-Saxon artefacts have been discovered in Early Mediaeval burials. The site is marked by a battle stone, probably originally a Bronze Age standing stone. A sequence of rectangular buildings west of the Great Enclosure (Area A) with massive foundation trenches (in some cases, more than two metres deep). The Battle of Yeavering (or Battle of Geteryne) was fought in 1415 between English and Scottish forces near Yeavering in Northumberland. This final building would in time come to rot away where it stood. Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, arguably the most militarily powerful man in Scotland, and a key part of the Duke of Albany's administration, used the pretext of Nisbet Muir to lead a punitive expe… The ghostly remains of some Saxon and Viking banqueting halls have been found, mostly as little more than stains in the earth where the wood has rotted away. He constructed a relative sequence for the site from the stratigraphic connections for the Area A complex and the Great Enclosure and he drew other areas of the site into this scheme through a typology of building styles. Background and battle. By the 8th century AD, Gefrin was no more, and for over a thousand years the site was lost. The Dauphin was recognised in the south of the co… The Latin term villa regia, which Bede used of the site, suggests an estate centre as the functional heart of a territory held in the king's demesne. They are very much in the style and spirit of the illustrations done by Brian Hope-Taylor himself in the pages of his book Yeavering, An Anglo-British centre of early Northumbria. Accompanying this was a large pit filled with animal bones, the majority of which were oxen skulls. In Ragnarok by Anne Thackery, set from the time of Ida of Bernicia to that of Aethelfrith of Northumbria, Yeavering is rarely mentioned save as the base of one of Ida's brothers. Roger's initial aim was to place the management of the site on an even footing before transferring ownership to an independent charitable trust. The archaeological underpinning of this thesis has three elements: No other structure comparable to the auditorium has been observed in post-Roman Britain and Hope-Taylor suggested that its affinities lay with the Roman world; it was a realisation in timber (the normal building material of Germanic Europe) of the architecture of the Roman theatre, with the wedge shape being one segment of the theatre's semi-circular form. Scull C (1991) Post-Roman Phase 1 at Yeavering: a reconsideration. It is not clear why it was abandoned: Bede says that it was replaced by Maelmin. Carolyn Ware (2005) has proposed a similar sort of approach to study of the Great Halls through an examination of openness and seclusion and of sight lines within the buildings. [6], Archaeologist Brian Hope-Taylor believed it likely that by the 1st century CE, the settlement at Yeavering Bell had become "a major political (tribal or sub-tribal) centre, either of the immediately surrounding area or of the whole region between the rivers Tyne and Tweed (in which there is no other monument of comparable character and size. The two prehistoric burial monuments which were already on the site, the Western and Eastern Ring Ditches were brought back into use. Uriens was desperate to defend it to keep both the Saxons and the Picts at bay and Ida wanted to control it in order to weaken Uriens and further establish his foothold in Britain. [9], Archaeologist Brian Hope-Taylor believed that the monarchs of Bernicia had to rule over a kingdom in which there were populations belonging to two separate cultural and ethnic groups: the native Britons who were the descendants of the Romano-British population, and the Anglo-Saxons who were migrant colonists from continental Europe. The Battle of Yavin, also known as the Battle of the Death Star, was a major battle of the Galactic Civil War that led to the destruction of the first Death Star. A small English force consisting of 440 men led by the Earl of Westmoreland defeated 4000 Scots. For this reason, he suspected that the Bernician rulers, in an attempt to administer both ethnic groups, decided to have two royal seats of government, one of which was at Bamburgh on the coast, and the other which was at Yeavering, which was in the British-dominated central area of their kingdom. 1436 Battle of Piperdean. Henry VIII had also opened old wounds by claiming to be the overlord of Scotland which angered the Scots and the King. In place of a literal, chronological continuity, he proposed the idea of a 'creation of continuity' (akin, perhaps, to Eric Hobsbawn's idea of the 'invention of tradition') to suggest that the burials in the Eastern and Western Ring Ditches are a deliberate re-use (long after the original use) of these features as a strategy by a new elite group to appropriate to themselves the ideological power held in the memory of the traditional burial places. As an important centre of Anglo-Saxon royalty about which a lot of information is known, Yeavering occurs as a location in several books set in the Early Middle Ages. The palace was attacked and destroyed by Cadwallon, King of the Britons, and again by King Penda of Mercia. [4], Archaeological discoveries have shown that humans were living in the Glen Valley during the Mesolithic period. ", During the early 20th century, the University of Cambridge's Curator of Aerial Photography, Dr John Kenneth Sinclair St Joseph (then in the midst of photographing the Roman forts of northern England), flew over Yeavering and photographed a series of crop marks produced in local oat fields during a particularly severe drought. This passage goes thus: Archaeologist Brian Hope-Taylor believed that it was "beyond reasonable doubt" that Yeavering was indeed Bede's Ad Gefrin.[35]. The television programme made by Brian Hope-Taylor as part of The Lost Centuries series in which he describes the site in its wider context is available on the website for viewing, as well as access to a number of PDF downloads on publications about the site, including Brian Hope-Taylor's full excavation report, Yeavering; an Anglo-British Centre of Early Northumbria (1977; available through the kindness of English Heritage), a guide to a recent exhibition on new work undertaken by the Trust, as well as other specialist articles on aspects of the site. In retaliation for previous Scottish raids, Henry, Lord Percy, the English March Warden had invaded Scotland with 7000 troops, and had met little resistance. [37] Whilst he began to approach government bodies for funding, the site itself came under threat in 1952 from nearby quarrying on its south-western side, but was saved when Sir Walter de L. Aitchison informed St Joseph, who had risen to the position of Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments at the Ministry of Works. Typically the halls are rectangular buildings, massive in construction with (in A4, for example) square-section timbers of 140mm placed upright side-by-side along the wall lines; twice as long as their width, arranged as a single large room or, sometimes, with a small space partitioned off at one or both ends. [1] Yeavering's most prominent feature is the twin-peaked hill, Yeavering Bell (1158 feet/361 metres above sea level), which was used as a hillfort in the Iron Age. [20] Building C3 was also a rectangular timber hall, although was larger than C2 and was of "unusual construction", having double rows of external post-holes. Hope-Taylor understood Yeavering as a place of contact between an indigenous British population and an incoming Anglian elite, few in number: an Anglo-British centre, as he expressed it in his monograph title. 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