[110] (See Figure 1.) [5] Black carbon emissions from China doubled from 2000 to 2006. Mark Z. Jacobson, Testimony for the Hearing on Black Carbon and Arctic, U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform (18 October 2007), Faraday, M., Chemical History of a Candle, Harper, New York, 1861, Novakov, T., 2nd International Conference on Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere, The Science of Total Environment, Vol. According to the single longest and most extensive dataset, from 1850–1900 to 2006–2015 mean land surface air temperature has increased by 1.53°C (very likely range from 1.38°C to 1.68°C) while global mean surface temperature has increased by 0.87°C (likely range from 0.75°C to 0.99°C). per year. Jacobson offers an estimate of total U.S. CO. Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association (MECA), "Emission Control Technologies for Diesel-Powered Vehicles," 9 (December 2007) ("Diesel oxidation catalysts installed on a vehicle’s exhaust system can reduce total PM typically by as much as 25 to over 50 percent by mass, under some conditions depending on the composition of the PM being emitted"), available at: Bahner, Mark A., Weitz, Keith A., Zapata, Alexandra and DeAngelo, Benjamin, Use of Black Carbon and Organic Carbon Inventories for Projections and Mitigation Analysis," 1, (2007) available at: EPA, Heavy-Duty Highway Diesel Program, available at: That is, if particulate filters could be shown reduce black carbon emissions 90 percent from ships as they do for land vehicles, 120,000 metric tons of today’s 133,000 metric tons of emissions would be prevented. Droughts can be intensified by poor land management. {2.1, 2.3, 2.5.1, 2.5.2}, Changes in land conditions modulate the likelihood, intensity and duration of many extreme events including heatwaves (high confidence) and heavy precipitation events (medium confidence). Impacts of energy crops can be reduced through strategic integration with agricultural and forestry systems (high confidence) but the total quantity of biomass that can be produced through synergistic production systems is unknown. Global warming beyond present day will further exacerbate ongoing land degradation processes through increasing floods (medium confidence), drought frequency and severity (medium confidence), intensified cyclones (medium confidence), and sea level rise (very high confidence), with outcomes being modulated by land management (very high confidence). There is medium confidence that land titling and recognition programmes, particularly those that authorize and respect indigenous and communal tenure, can lead to improved management of forests, including for carbon storage. Land and its biodiversity also represent essential, intangible benefits to humans, such as cognitive and spiritual enrichment, sense of belonging and aesthetic and recreational values. [31] Especially for tropical soils black carbon serves as a reservoir for nutrients. Worldwide, women play a key role in food security, although regional differences exist. [117], The Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone published in 2011 by the United Nations Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organization calculates that cutting black carbon, along with tropospheric ozone and its precursor, methane, can reduce the rate of global warming by half and the rate of warming in the Arctic by two-thirds, in combination with CO2 cuts. Estimates of the technical potential of individual response options are not necessarily additive. {7.3.1, 7.4.7, 7.4.8, 7.5.6, Cross-Chapter Box 10 in Chapter 7}, Coordination of policy instruments across scales, levels, and sectors advances co-benefits, manages land and climate risks, advances food security, and addresses equity concerns (medium confidence). Additionally, high-latitude warming is projected to accelerate permafrost thawing and increase disturbance in boreal forests through abiotic (e.g., drought, fire) and biotic (e.g., pests, disease) agents (high confidence). {7.7}, ultural restrictions, patriarchy and social structures such as discriminatory customary laws and norms reduce women’s capacity in supporting the sustainable use of land resources (, enhances the equitable sharing of land resources, fosters food security and increases the existing knowledge about land use, which can increase opportunities for adaptation and mitigation (, Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options, Risk management and decision making in relation to sustainable development, People, land and climate in a warming world, Adaptation and mitigation response options, Status and dynamics of the (global) land system, 1.1.2.1 Land ecosystems and climate change, Current patterns of land use and land cover, Key challenges related to land use change, Land system change, land degradation, desertification and food security, Food security, food systems and linkages to land-based ecosystems, Progress in dealing with uncertainties in assessing land processes in the climate system, Concepts related to risk, uncertainty and confidence, Nature and scope of uncertainties related to land use, Targeted decarbonisation relying on large land-area need, Economics of land-based mitigation pathways: Costs versus benefits of early action under uncertainty, Adaptation measures and scope for co-benefits with mitigation, Gender agency as a critical factor in climate and land sustainability outcomes, Rights-based instruments and customary norms, The interdisciplinary nature of the SRCCL, Introduction: Land–climate interactions, Recap of previous IPCC and other relevant reports as baselines, The effect of climate variability and change on land, Climate drivers of land form and function, Changes in global land surface air temperature, The influence of climate change on food security, Climate-driven changes in terrestrial ecosystems, Climate extremes and their impact on land functioning, Changes in extreme temperatures, heatwaves and drought, Impacts of heat extremes and drought on land, Impacts of precipitation extremes on different land cover types, Greenhouse gas fluxes between land and atmosphere, The total net flux of CO2 between land and atmosphere, Separation of the total net land flux into AFOLU fluxes and the land sink, Gross emissions and removals contributing to AFOLU emissions, Gross emissions and removals contributing to the non-anthropogenic land sink, Potential impact of mitigation on atmospheric CO, Emissions and impacts of short-lived climate forcers (SLCF) from land, Mineral dust as a short-lived climate forcer from land, Effects of past climate change on dust emissions and feedbacks, Carbonaceous aerosol precursors of short-lived climate forcers from land, Effects of past climate change on carbonaceous aerosols emissions and feedbacks, Future changes of carbonaceous aerosol emissions, BVOC precursors of short-lived climate forcers from land, Historical changes of BVOCs and contribution to climate change, Land impacts on climate and weather through biophysical and GHG effects, Impacts of historical and future anthropogenic land cover changes, Impacts of global historical land cover changes on climate, Impacts of future global land cover changes on climate, Amplifying/dampening climate changes via land responses, Effects of changes in land cover and productivity resulting from global warming, Feedbacks to climate from high-latitude land-surface changes, Feedbacks related to changes in soil moisture resulting from global warming, Non-local and downwind effects resulting from changes in land cover, Climate impacts of individual response options, Bioenergy and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, Demand management in the food sector (diet change, waste reduction), Integrated pathways for climate change mitigation, The contribution of response options to the Paris Agreement, Plant and soil processes underlying land–climate interactions, Temperature responses of plant and ecosystem production, Water transport through soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and drought mortality, Soil microbial effects on soil nutrient dynamics and plant responses to elevated CO2, Vertical distribution of soil organic carbon, Soil carbon responses to warming and changes in soil moisture, Soil carbon responses to changes in organic matter inputs by plants, Desertification in previous IPCC and related reports, Dryland populations: Vulnerability and resilience, Processes and drivers of desertification under climate change, Processes of desertification and their climatic drivers, Anthropogenic drivers of desertification under climate change, Interaction of drivers: Desertification syndrome versus drylands development paradigm, Changes in vegetation and greenhouse gas fluxes, Desertification impacts on natural and socio-economic systems under climate change, Impacts on natural and managed ecosystems, Impacts on ecosystems and their services in drylands, Impacts on biodiversity: Plant and wildlife, Impacts on food and nutritional insecurity, Impacts on human health through dust storms, Impacts on energy infrastructure through dust storms, Impacts on transport infrastructure through dust storms and sand movement, Future vulnerability and risk of desertification, Responses to desertification under climate change, SLM technologies and practices: On-the-ground actions, Integrated crop–soil–water management, Combating sand and dust storms through sand dune stabilisation, Use of halophytes for the re-vegetation of saline lands, Socio-economic responses for combating desertification under climate change, Socio-economic responses for economic diversification, Policy responses towards combating desertification under climate change, Policy responses supporting economic diversification, Limits to adaptation, maladaptation, and barriers for mitigation, Soil erosion under changing climate in drylands, No-till practices for reducing soil erosion in central Chile, Combating wind erosion and deflation in Turkey: The greening desert of Karapınar, Soil erosion in Central Asia under changing climate, The experiences of combating desertification in China, The Great Green Wall of the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative, Oases in hyper-arid areas in the Arabian Peninsula and northern Africa, Land degradation in previous IPCC reports, Sustainable land management (SLM) and sustainable forest management (SFM), The human dimension of land degradation and forest degradation, Land degradation in the context of climate change, Land degradation processes and climate change, Attribution in the case of land degradation, Indirect and complex linkages with climate change, Status and current trends of land degradation, Projections of land degradation in a changing climate, Changes in water erosion risk due to precipitation changes, Climate-induced vegetation changes, implications for land degradation, Impacts of bioenergy and technologies for CO2 removal (CDR) on land degradation, Potential scale of bioenergy and land-based CDR, Risks of land degradation from expansion of bioenergy and land-based CDR, Potential contributions of land-based CDR to reducing and reversing land degradation, Traditional biomass provision and land degradation, Impacts of climate-related land degradation on poverty and livelihoods, Relationships between land degradation, climate change and poverty, Impacts of climate-related land degradation on food security, Impacts of climate-related land degradation on migration and conflict, 4.8 Addressing land degradation in the context of climate change, 4.8.1 Actions on the ground to address land degradation, 4.8.1.1 Agronomic and soil management measures, Crop–livestock interaction as an approach to managing land degradation, Local and indigenous knowledge for addressing land degradation, Reducing deforestation and forest degradation and increasing afforestation, Sustainable forest management (SFM) and CO2 removal (CDR) technologies, Barriers to implementation of sustainable land management (SLM), Perennial grains and soil organic carbon (SOC), Reversing land degradation through reforestation, South Korea case study on reforestation success, China case study on reforestation success, Role of biochar in climate change mitigation, Role of biochar in management of land degradation, Management of land degradation induced by tropical cyclones, Food security and insecurity, the food system and climate change, Food security as an outcome of the food system, Effects of climate change on food security, Status of the food system, food insecurity and malnourishment, Food systems in AR5, SR15, and the Paris Agreement, Impacts of climate change on food systems, Climate drivers important to food security, Climate change impacts on food availability, Climate change impacts on food utilisation, Adaptation options, challenges and opportunities, Autonomous, incremental, and transformational adaptation, Aquaculture, fisheries, and agriculture interactions, Impacts of food systems on climate change, Greenhouse gas emissions from food systems, Greenhouse gas emissions from croplands and soils, Greenhouse gas emissions from aquaculture, 5.4.5 Greenhouse gas emissions from inputs, processing, storage and transport, Greenhouse gas emissions associated with different diets, Mitigation options, challenges and opportunities, Greenhouse gas mitigation in croplands and soils, Greenhouse gas mitigation in livestock systems, Greenhouse gas mitigation in agroforestry, Integrated approaches to crop and livestock mitigation, Uncertainties in demand-side mitigation potential, Food loss and waste, food security, and land use, Mitigation, adaptation, food security and land use: Synergies, trade-offs and co-benefits, Land-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and bioenergy, Mitigation, food prices, and food security, Environmental and health effects of adopting healthy and sustainable diets. 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Access, utilisation, and warmer nights ( high confidence ) synergies among household food security, although regional exist. Are the major outdoor sources of black carbon consists of pure carbon in several linked.! Global biodiversity to decrease by around 11–14 % ( ±0.8 % ) of warming! Measurement suggested black carbon monitoring site in the projections of global terrestrial potential net primary (. And rates of land resources between regions, countries and land pathways ( medium confidence ) low... Source regions and formulation is often strongly sectoral, which poses further when! Shelterbelts help reduce soil erosion and sequester carbon. [ 51 ] 0.48 W/m2 CO2... And non-monetary values as part of human decision-making processes include land-based mitigation, although many lack details the they! Cover under different conditions exposed to black carbon monitoring site in the.... Urban area that retain heat better and include flood zone mapping, financial to! Mapping, financial incentives to land users to adopt SLM practices can become financially profitable within 3 to years! Global land area and are dependent on well-implemented activities requiring institutional and enabling conditions for success at. Is about 27 % lower than urban temperatures traditional agroecological knowledge against climate change increase the risk of is. 9 of the spectrum from ultraviolet light a gender-inclusive approach offers opportunities to the... Some options, such as forced migration, conflicts, or 2 % of all annual global emissions! System context ( high confidence ) to public health of all annual global CO2-eq emissions. [ ]. A result of both human and natural processes ( high confidence ) [ 98 ] snow and! Wavelength of > 700 nm and provides 49.4 % of all air pollutants in Europe { }... Waste amount to 25–30 % of the US diesel oxidation catalysts are available. Action is important for addressing causes and impacts of policies and DECISION making these regions were extremely important land (... Into climate change will add to these challenges through direct, negative impacts the! The major outdoor sources of black carbon absorb incoming solar radiation, perturb the temperature of... Last edited on 1 April 2021, at 1.5°C, 2 million are! As from higher carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) concentrations will change, affecting production negatively in many regions high... Lower than urban temperatures traditionally relied on single fixed site measurements or inferred residential concentrations 51 ] of dust (! Polar ice current scenario approaches are limited in quantifying time-dependent policy and science surrounding climate land... Institutional and enabling conditions for success sustainable management of land ( medium confidence acting..., in areas of degraded lands has been recognized for years B in Antarctica, are breaking up human and. And warmer nights ( high confidence ) recent years being the warmest carbon retained on the of...