You have made your way from worm to man, and much in you is still worm. Nietzsche has influenced philosophers such as Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre,[323] Oswald Spengler,[324] George Grant,[325] Emil Cioran,[326] Albert Camus, Ayn Rand,[327] Jacques Derrida,[citation needed] Sarah Kofman,[328] Leo Strauss,[329] Max Scheler, Michel Foucault, Bernard Williams,[citation needed] and Nick Land. [52] He studied there from 1858 to 1864, becoming friends with Paul Deussen and Carl von Gersdorff. [75][76] On returning to Basel in 1870, Nietzsche observed the establishment of the German Empire and Otto von Bismarck's subsequent policies as an outsider and with a degree of skepticism regarding their genuineness. [191][192] He called himself an "immoralist" and harshly criticized the prominent moral philosophies of his day: Christianity, Kantianism, and utilitarianism. Pity stands opposed to the tonic emotions which heighten our vitality: it has a depressing effect. It shaped their philosophical and cultural endeavors, as well as their political understanding. [63] There, he became close friends with his fellow student Erwin Rohde. Salomé's mother took her to Rome when Salomé was 21. He spent his winters in the Italian cities of Genoa, Rapallo, and Turin and the French city of Nice. While Nietzsche attacked the principles of Judaism, he was not antisemitic: in his work On the Genealogy of Morality, he explicitly condemned antisemitism and pointed out that his attack on Judaism was not an attack on contemporary Jewish people but specifically an attack upon the ancient Jewish priesthood who he claimed antisemitic Christians paradoxically based their views upon. [255][256] Nietzsche called Dostoyevsky "the only psychologist from whom I have anything to learn. [251] The essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson had a profound influence on Nietzsche, who "loved Emerson from first to last",[252] wrote "Never have I felt so much at home in a book", and called him "[the] author who has been richest in ideas in this century so far". — "You shalt become the person you are." (Brühl is a small town in west Germany), Interesting. Nietzsche used these two forces because, for him, the world of mind and order on one side, and passion and chaos on the other, formed principles that were fundamental to the Greek culture:[161][162] the Apollonian a dreaming state, full of illusions; and Dionysian a state of intoxication, representing the liberations of instinct and dissolution of boundaries. '[210] More often than not, self-conservation is a consequence of a creature's will to exert its strength on the outside world. Overbeck traveled to Turin and brought Nietzsche to a psychiatric clinic in Basel. [81] He subsequently transcribed and proofread the galleys for almost all of Nietzsche's work. The most interesting part, for me, is why Nietzsche believed himself to be Polish. But such a conception of happiness Nietzsche rejected as something limited to, and characteristic of, the bourgeois lifestyle of the English society,[211] and instead put forth the idea that happiness is not an aim per se. Jahrhunderts. At least toward the end of his life, Nietzsche believed his ancestors were Polish. Theist vs. Atheist: What Should You Believe? [100][101], In the following few days, Nietzsche sent short writings—known as the Wahnzettel (literally "Delusion notes")—to a number of friends including Cosima Wagner and Jacob Burckhardt. The Nazis tried to incorporate the concept into their ideology. "I am a pure-blooded Polish nobleman, without a single drop of bad blood, certainly not German blood. All this contributed to his subsequent decision to distance himself from Wagner. Instead, he seemed to have accepted the conclusions of Ruđer Bošković, who explained the qualities of matter as a result of an interplay of forces. His symbolism of the world as "child play" marked by amoral spontaneity and lack of definite rules was appreciated by Nietzsche. However, in 1888 the influential Danish critic Georg Brandes aroused considerable excitement about Nietzsche through a series of lectures he gave at the University of Copenhagen. "Nietzsche's Reading and Private Library, 1885–1889". "[235], Friedrich Nietzsche held a pessimistic view of modern society and culture. "What does your conscience say? He proposed to Lou Salomé three times and each time was rejected. Driven by his illness to find more compatible climates, Nietzsche travelled frequently and lived until 1889 as a free author in different cities. of 'The Gay Science', Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard. What Was Nietzsche's Nationality? [122] Yet, the endeavour to rescue Nietzsche’s reputation by discrediting The Will to Power often leads to a scepticism about the value of his late notes, even of the whole Nachlass. [117] Poisoning by mercury, a treatment for syphilis at the time of Nietzsche's death,[118] has also been suggested. Nietzsche had already met Richard Wagner in Leipzig in 1868 and later Wagner's wife, Cosima. "[257] While Nietzsche never mentions Max Stirner, the similarities in their ideas have prompted a minority of interpreters to suggest a relationship between the two. [305] Eugene O'Neill remarked that Zarathustra influenced him more than any other book he ever read. He wore a signet ring bearing the Radwan coat of arms, traceable back to Polish nobility of medieval times [116] and the surname “Nicki” of the Polish noble (szlachta) family bearing that coat of arms. Brandes, who had started to teach the philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard in the 1870s, wrote to Nietzsche asking him to read Kierkegaard, to which Nietzsche replied that he would come to Copenhagen and read Kierkegaard with him. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. An example of the impact of this idea can be seen in the book Patterns of Culture, where anthropologist Ruth Benedict acknowledges Nietzschean opposites of "Apollonian" and "Dionysian" as the stimulus for her thoughts about Native American cultures. Overbeck and Gast decided to withhold publishing The Antichrist and Ecce Homo because of their more radical content. "Unger, Castoriadis, and the Romance of a National Future. According to Deussen, Nietzsche "never decided to remain unmarried all his life. The video's conclusion is speculative at best. He became acquainted with the work of the then almost-unknown poet Friedrich Hölderlin, calling him "my favorite poet" and composing an essay in which he said that the mad poet raised consciousness to "the most sublime ideality". What happened remains unknown, but an often-repeated tale from shortly after his death states that Nietzsche witnessed the flogging of a horse at the other end of the Piazza Carlo Alberto, ran to the horse, threw his arms around its neck to protect it, then collapsed to the ground. Nietzsche also met Richard Wagner for the first time later that year. This action nearly kills Zarathustra, for example, and most human beings cannot avoid other-worldliness because they really are sick, not because of any choice they made. [250] Nietzsche early learned of Darwinism through Friedrich Albert Lange. [105] During this process Overbeck and Gast contemplated what to do with Nietzsche's unpublished works. [67], With Ritschl's support, Nietzsche received a remarkable offer, in 1869, to become a professor of classical philology at the University of Basel in Switzerland. We use cookies on our websites for a number of purposes, including analytics and performance, functionality and advertising. Because his father had worked for the state (as a pastor) the now-fatherless Nietzsche was offered a scholarship to study at the internationally recognized Schulpforta (the claim that Nietzsche was admitted on the strength of his academic competence has been debunked: his grades were not near the top of the class). Because his sister arranged the book based on her own conflation of several of Nietzsche's early outlines and took liberties with the material, the scholarly consensus has been that it does not reflect Nietzsche's intent. "[311], Nietzsche's growing prominence suffered a severe setback when his works became closely associated with Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany. Mussolini,[315][316] Charles de Gaulle[317] and Huey P. Newton[318] read Nietzsche. According to this view, our existence (action, suffering, willing, feeling) has no meaning: this 'in vain' is the nihilists' pathos—an inconsistency on the part of the nihilists. Nietzsche translation in English-Polish dictionary. Zarathustra's gift of the overman is given to mankind not aware of the problem to which the overman is the solution. Historians don’t know it. 19; III. Nietzsche Reloaded Nietzsche’s Übermensch: A Hero of Our Time? [337] His deepening of the romantic-heroic tradition of the nineteenth century, for example, as expressed in the ideal of the "grand striver" appears in the work of thinkers from Cornelius Castoriadis to Roberto Mangabeira Unger. In, Ewald, O. Quotes by Friedrich Nietzsche in German with translation into English, French, Italian, Polish, Spanish, Portuguese. Given the comprehensive essays written by D.J. Google's free service instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Blue, Daniel. This is what Elizabeth writes in the preface of a publication of The Birth of Tragedy in 1905: The name Nietzsche itself is not a Polish name, but an exceptionally common one throughout central Germany, in this and cognate forms (such as Nitsche and Nitzke). His end-of-semester exams in March 1864 showed a 1 in Religion and German; a 2a in Greek and Latin; a 2b in French, History, and Physics; and a "lackluster" 3 in Hebrew and Mathematics. Marburg: Tectum Verlag 2013. [314] The Nazis made selective use of Nietzsche's philosophy. In Also Sprach Zarathustra, Nietzsche proclaimed that a table of values hangs above every great person. Nietzsche saw his own writings as "completely buried and in this anti-Semitic dump" of Schmeitzner—associating the publisher with a movement that should be "utterly rejected with cold contempt by every sensible mind. 2014. [113][114] Leonard Sax suggested the slow growth of a right-sided retro-orbital meningioma as an explanation of Nietzsche's dementia;[115] Orth and Trimble postulated frontotemporal dementia[116] while other researchers have proposed a hereditary stroke disorder called CADASIL. It is a consequence of overcoming hurdles to one's actions and the fulfillment of the will. A basic element in Nietzsche's philosophical outlook is the "will to power" (der Wille zur Macht), which he maintained provides a basis for understanding human behavior—more so than competing explanations, such as the ones based on pressure for adaptation or survival. Brobjer, Thomas. In 1870, he gave Cosima Wagner the manuscript of "The Genesis of the Tragic Idea" as a birthday gift. 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