Three years of liberal rule (the Trienio Liberal) followed. The appointment was not popular with the Spanish and marked the beginning of the Peninsular War against Napoleon. Led by Rafael del Riego, the conspirators seized their commander and led their army around Andalusia hoping to gather support; garrisons across Spain declared their support for the would-be revolutionaries. Francis Serrano (1868-1871) He acted as regent. The cortes, which by then were unsatisfied with the army's intervening in government affairs, arranged for Luis José Sartorius, the Count of San Luis, to be named president of the government. Salustiano Olózaga was named the first president of the government after Espartero's fall. Under his rule, Spain lost nearly all of its American possessions, and the country entered into a large-scale civil war upon his death. In August 1870, an Italian prince, Amadeo of the House of Savoy, Duke of Aosta, was selected. José de San Martín, who had already helped to liberate Chile and Argentina, entered Peru in 1820. A serious effort to build a rail network in Spain was begun by the Murillo government. In the subsequent campaign, Zumalacárregui died after being shot in the calf. For the duration of liberal rule, King Ferdinand (though technically head of state) lived under virtual house arrest in Madrid. Narváez's new government undid what little Espartero had been able to accomplish while in office; the Constitution of 1845 was restored in its entirety and the legislation that Espartero had put forward was entirely reversed in a matter of months. On 24 August, Ferdinand VII was proclaimed king of Spain again, and negotiations between the council and the provincial juntas for the establishment of a Supreme Central Junta were completed. The king did recognize the efforts of foreign powers on his behalf. More radical liberals attempted to revolt against the entire idea of a monarchy, constitutional or otherwise, in 1821; these republicans were suppressed, though the incident served to illustrate the frail coalition that bound the Progresista government together. The coalition broke apart in 1863 when old factional lines broke O'Donnell's cabinet: the issue of desamortización, brought up again, antagonized the two wings of the Unión Liberal. Although the constitution never came into full force, the fact that it provided for representation from regions of Spain and elsewhere in the Spanish Empire, namely Spanish America and the Philippines, set an important precedent. The reign of Charles IV was characterized by his lack of interest in governing. Born in Madrid at El Escorial, Ferdinand VII spent his youth as heir apparent to the Spanish throne. Murillo carried the same authoritarian tendencies as Narváez but made serious efforts to advance Spanish industry and commerce. Meanwhile, the wars of independence had broken out in the Americas, and although many of the republican rebels were divided and royalist sentiment was strong in many areas, the Manila galleons and the Spanish treasure fleets – tax revenues from the Spanish Empire – were interrupted. The king was quickly taken prisoner. In 1816, Ferdinand married his niece Maria Isabel of Portugal (1797–1818), daughter of his older sister Carlota Joaquina and John VI of Portugal. A mob supporting Ferdinand attacked Godoy at the palace of Aranjuez, arresting him. ", Hamnett, Brian. The opposition of the affected regions – in particular, Aragon, Navarre, and Catalonia – shared in the king's antipathy for the liberal government. The war heroes Manuel de la Concha and Diego de León attempted a coup in September 1841, attempting to seize the queen, only months after Espartero was named regent. O'Donnell's ministry was successful enough in restoring stability at home that they were able to project power abroad, which also helped to pull popular and political attention away from the cortes; Spain supported the French expedition to Cochinchina, the allied expedition sent in support of the French intervention in Mexico and Emperor Maximilian, an expedition to Santo Domingo, and most importantly, a successful campaign into Morocco that earned Spain a favorable peace and new territories across the Strait of Gibraltar. Carlos IV Carlos IV became the King of Spain Oct 21, 1805. The Spanish government was growing deeper in debt as the Carlist war dragged on, nearly to the point that it became insolvent. Philip II became king on Charles V's abdication in 1556. The Cortes of Cádiz was the first national assembly to claim sovereignty in Spain and the Spanish Empire. Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg, the former regent of neighboring Portugal, was sometimes raised as a possibility. 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