german spy names hari

Ladoux betrayed her, telling the British he had only hired her to root out her work as a German spy. She acquired her … Mata Hari has gone down in history as one of the most notorious and exotic spies involved in World War I.Yet there is some evidence that her celebrated conviction for spying for the German army may have been based on false evidence. In 1917, the German military referred to a German spy with the code-name H-21. The messages were in a code that German intelligence knew had already been broken by the French, suggesting that the messages were contrived to have Zelle arrested by the French. Spied For: Germany (and Possibly France) Mata Hari was the stage-name for Dutch-born Margaretha Geertruida (Grietje) Zelle who was an exotic dancer and high class prostitute in Paris. Her birth house was destroyed by fire on 19 October 2013. Born Margaretha Geertruida Zelle on August 7 1876, the only daughter of a Dutch hat-maker, she seemed unlikely to later become the Mata Hari, the most infamous double agent in spy history. [13] Neither description matches photographic evidence. She revealed that she had accepted 20,000 francs from a German to spy on France, but had only offered trivial, inconsequential information as her adopted country of France was the recipient of her loyalty. A non-commissioned officer then walked up to her body, pulled out his revolver, and shot her in the head to make sure she was dead. [21] It is unclear if she lied on this occasion, believing the story made her sound more intriguing, or if French authorities were using her in such a way but would not acknowledge her due to the embarrassment and international backlash it could cause. Wales recorded her death, saying that after the volley of shots rang out, "Slowly, inertly, she settled to her knees, her head up always, and without the slightest change of expression on her face. Pages in category "German spies" The following 16 pages are in this category, out of 16 total. Two weeks after Mata Hari had left Paris for a trip to Madrid, the double agent was executed by the Germans, while the five others continued their operations. To avoid the battlefields, she travelled between France and the Netherlands via Spain and Britain, and her movements inevitably attracted attention. [citation needed], In late 1916, Zelle travelled to Madrid, where she met with the German military attaché Major Arnold Kalle and asked if he could arrange a meeting with the Crown Prince. World War I Mata Hari . [19] The fact that the Crown Prince had, before 1914, never commanded a unit larger than a regiment, and was now supposedly commanding both an army and an army group at the same time should have been a clue that his role in German decision-making was mostly nominal. [2][3] She was executed by firing squad in France. [19] Maslov was part of the 50,000 strong Russian Expeditionary Force sent to the Western Front in the spring of 1916. In 2000, archivists discovered that it had disappeared, possibly as early as 1954, according to curator Roger Saban, during the museum's relocation. On 13 March 1915, she performed in what would be the last show of her career. Gabriel Astruc became her personal booking agent. [49], In 2017, the opera Mata Hari by librettist Peter Peers and composer Matt Marks premiered at New York's Prototype Festival. Her style and free-willed attitude made her a popular woman, as did her eagerness to perform in exotic and revealing clothing. [34] A spokesman from the Mata Hari Foundation argued that at most Zelle was a low-level spy who provided no secrets to either side, stating: "We believe that there are sufficient doubts concerning the dossier of information that was used to convict her to warrant re-opening the case. The marriage enabled Zelle to move into the Dutch upper class and placed her finances on a sound footing. In 2016, an information centre (belevingscentrum) was created in the building displaying mementos of Mata Hari. She had relationships with high-ranking military officers, politicians, and others in influential positions in many countries. She was photographed numerous times during this period, nude or nearly so. But what was the real Mata Hari’s crime? After the war the latter admitted Mata Hari was a German spy, but maintained she never divulged any worthwhile information. Zelle, Margaretha (1876–1917)Courtesan and erotic dancer who was accused of espionage by French authorities and executed in October 1917. "Why Mata Hari Wasn't a Cunning Spy After All". She acquired her stage name "Mata Hari" which means "eye of the day" or "sun" in Malay while living in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). It was also in the Dutch East Indies where she learnt the exotic dances that would later make her famous. Mata Hari was an infamous exotic dancer executed in France during First World War for being a German Spy Hari -the stage name adopted by Margaretha Zelle - … Born: August 7, 1876 She posed for provocative photos and mingled in wealthy circles. Included in the exhibit are two of her personal scrapbooks and an oriental rug embroidered with the footsteps of her fan dance. But few remember another legendary and some say significantly more successful Soviet spy Elizaveta Zarubina. "My international connections are due of my work as a dancer, nothing else .... Because I really did not spy, it is terrible that I cannot defend myself. After moving back to the Netherlands, the couple officially separated on 30 August 1902. [31], Her defense counsel, veteran international lawyer Édouard Clunet,[32] faced impossible odds; he was denied permission either to cross-examine the prosecution's witnesses or to examine his own witnesses directly. "[16] Zelle has often been portrayed as a femme fatale, the dangerous, seductive woman who uses her sexuality to effortlessly manipulate men, but others view her differently: in the words of the American historians Norman Polmer and Thomas Allen she was "naïve and easily duped", a victim of men rather than a victimizer. Struggling to earn a living, she also posed as an artist's model. Mata Hari circa 1915: Portrait of Dutch-born German World War I spy Mata Hari, real name Margarete Geertruida Zelle (1876 - 1917), wearing a costume with a headdress. During the war, Zelle was involved in what was described as a very intense romantic-sexual relationship with a Russian pilot serving with the French, the 23-year-old Captain Vadim Maslov, whom she called the love of her life. For the fraction of a second it seemed she tottered there, on her knees, gazing directly at those who had taken her life. [27] The Canadian historian Wesley Wark stated in a 2014 interview that Mata Hari was never an important spy and just made a scapegoat for French military failures which she had nothing to do with, stating: "They needed a scapegoat and she was a notable target for scapegoating. ", "Condemned spy Mata Hari glib during final interrogation: MI5 files", "New picture emerges of Mata Hari, who faced firing squad 100 years ago", "Sticklers, Sideburns and Bikinis: The military origins of everyday words and phrases", "5 historical figures whose heads have been stolen", "Geboortehuis Mata Hari als 'belevingscentrum' (Mata Hari's birthplace as information centre)", Multi-language (nl, fr, de, en) website on Mata Hari, Details of the disappearance of the corpse, "The Execution of Mata Hari, 1917," EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2005), "Mata Hari," from History Magazine. He was the son of Captain John Brienen MacLeod (a descendant of the Gesto branch of the MacLeods of Skye, hence his Scottish name) and Dina Louisa, Baroness Sweerts de Landas. [40][41] Records dated from 1918 show that the museum also received the rest of the body, but none of the remains could later be accounted for. The building suffered smoke and water damage during a fire in 2013, but was later restored. MacLeod was legally required to pay support, which he never did, making life very difficult for Zelle and her daughter. The French became convinced that she was a spy and arrested her on Feb. 13, 1917. Exotic dancer and courtesan. [24], In December 1916, the Second Bureau of the French War Ministry let Mata Hari obtain the names of six Belgian agents. [7][8][10] A few months later, she fled to her uncle's home in The Hague.[10]. [38], Mata Hari's body was not claimed by any family members and was accordingly used for medical study. [19] In fact, his involvement was minimal and it was German government propaganda that promoted the image of the Crown Prince as a great warrior, the worthy successor to the august Hohenzollern monarchs who had made Prussia strong and powerful. [9], Soon after Margaretha's father went bankrupt in 1889, her parents divorced, and then her mother died in 1891. In 1899, two-year-old Norman died after reportedly being poisoned … She answered an advertisement in the local paper placed by Rudolph MacLeod, a career military man in … Mata Hari was a professional dancer and mistress who accepted an assignment to spy for France in 1916. Zelle did not have the resources to fight the situation and accepted it, believing that while MacLeod had been an abusive husband, he had always been a good father. [citation needed] Bouchardon used the very fact that Zelle was a woman as evidence of her guilt, saying: "Without scruples, accustomed to making use of men, she is the type of woman who is born to be a spy. In February 2016, the Dutch National Ballet premiered a two-act ballet entitled Mata Hari, with Anna Tsygankova dancing the role of Mata Hari, choreography by Ted Brandsen, and music by Tarik O'Regan. She posed as a Javanese princess of priestly Hindu birth, pretending to have been immersed in the art of sacred Indian dance since childhood. The French eventually intercepted a German cable that named a spy code-named H-21, clearly a code name for Mata Hari. The episode was written by Carrie Fisher, based on a story by George Lucas. Critics would later write about this and other such movements within the context of Orientalism. Five were suspected of submitting fake material and working for the Germans, while the sixth was suspected of being a double agent for Germany and France. 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[51], Dutch exotic dancer, courtesan and spy (1876–1917), Her children Louise Jeanne and Norman-John, with his father. Jeanne survived, but Norman died. Zelle married MacLeod in Amsterdam on 11 July 1895. Mata Hari's birthplace is located in the building at Kelders 33. [22] The Deuxième Bureau intercepted the messages and, from the information they contained, identified H-21 as Mata Hari. [26], Zelle's principal interrogator, who grilled her relentlessly, was Captain Pierre Bouchardon; he was later to prosecute her at trial. Julius (1915-1953) and Ethel Rosenberg (1918-1953) Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are still among … Maslov was part o… Margaretha Zelle, the dancer and famed German spy known by her stage name, “Mata Hari,” died 100 years ago today. Desperate to make ends meet, Margareta works with the German … [22][23], General Walter Nicolai, the chief IC (intelligence officer) of the German Army, had grown very annoyed that Mata Hari had provided him with no intelligence worthy of the name, instead selling the Germans mere Paris gossip about the sex lives of French politicians and generals, and decided to terminate her employment by exposing her as a German spy to the French. Joanna Bourke, Gresham Professor of Rhetoric, 'Mata Hari: Femmes Fatales' (2020), Waagenaar: Sie nannte sich Mata Hari, p. 258, EuroArts/Warner Classics 0880242616289 (DVD) 0880242616241 (Blu-ray), Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Mata Hari was a scapegoat, not a spy – biographer", "Why Mata Hari Wasn't a Cunning Spy After All", "Rare pictures of dancer and "spy" Mata Hari who was executed by firing squad", "The Dramatic Tale of Mata Hari Dancer, courtesan, scapegoat, spy? Critics began to opine that the success and dazzling features of the popular Mata Hari were due to cheap exhibitionism and lacked artistic merit. [36] According to an eyewitness account by British reporter Henry Wales, she was not bound and refused a blindfold. In Indian Baby Names the meaning of the name Hari is: Tawny. Although she continued to schedule important social events throughout Europe, she was held in disdain by serious cultural institutions as a dancer who did not know how to dance. She wore a bodystocking for her performances that was similar in color to her own skin, but that was later omitted. Why Famous: Mata Hari was executed by firing squad for spying for Germany during World War I. [18], During World War I, the Netherlands remained neutral. She was eventually exorcised from Phoebe by Phoebe's boyfriend Jason Dean with a potion provided to him by male witch Richard Montana. "[29] The most terrible and heartbreaking moment for Mata Hari during the trial occurred when her lover Maslov—by now a deeply embittered man as a result of losing his eyes in combat—declined to testify for her, telling her he did not care if she was convicted or not. [8], Mata Hari's career went into decline after 1912. Mata Hari was known by sight throughout Europe. She contended that it was part of her makeup. In this context, having one German spy on whom everything that went wrong with the war so far could be blamed was most convenient for the French government, making Mata Hari the perfect scapegoat, which explains why the case against her received maximum publicity in the French press, and led to her importance in the war being greatly exaggerated. As a citizen of a neutral country, Zelle would not normally be allowed near the front. She was put on trial on 24 July, accused of spying for Germany, and consequently causing the deaths of at least 50,000 soldiers. She defiantly blew a kiss to the firing squad. A full transcript of the interview is in Britain's National Archives and was broadcast, with Mata Hari played by Eleanor Bron, on the independent station LBC in 1980. [10][13], In 1903, Zelle moved to Paris, where she performed as a circus horse rider using the name Lady MacLeod, much to the disapproval of the Dutch MacLeods. [16], In 1917, France had been badly shaken by the Great Mutinies of the French Army in the spring of 1917 following the failure of the Nivelle Offensive together with a huge strike wave, and at the time many believed that France might simply collapse as a result of war exhaustion. She lost both of her children. [20] They wanted to avoid publicizing that the man expected to be the next Kaiser was a playboy noted for womanizing, partying, and indulging in alcohol, who spent another portion of his time intriguing with far right-wing politicians, with the intent to have his father declared insane and deposed. “Mata Hari,” an exotic dancer and convicted spy, met her end at age 41 at the hands of a firing squad outside Paris 100 years ago on Oct. 15, 1917. Mata Hari was executed by firing squad for spying for Germany during World War I. [8], At MacLeod's urging, Zelle returned to him, but his behavior did not change. The Dutch-born Margaretha Geertruida Zelle didn’t start out as a spy; she was a dancer, … "[16] One journalist in Vienna wrote after seeing one of her performances that Mata Hari was "slender and tall with the flexible grace of a wild animal, and with blue-black hair" and that her face "makes a strange foreign impression. A spy, never!” she defiantly exclaimed. She escaped her circumstances by studying the local culture. She was kind of held up as an example of what might happen if your morals were too loose.”[28], Zelle wrote several letters to the Dutch Ambassador in Paris, claiming her innocence. Some of these pictures were obtained by MacLeod and strengthened his case in keeping custody of their daughter. Mother, dancer, wife, spy: the real Mata Hari, Why Mata Hari Wasn't a Cunning Spy After All. "[28] Likewise, the British historian Julie Wheelwright stated: "She really did not pass on anything that you couldn’t find in the local newspapers in Spain. Cause of Death: Execution by firing squad. The tragic fate of Dutch dancer and a convicted German spy Zelle, more known to the world by her stage name Mata Hari, is familiar to many due to the number of debates and controversies surrounding her story. Then she fell backward, bending at the waist, with her legs doubled up beneath her." Her guilt was debated for decades, but German documents unsealed in the 1970s proved that Mata Hari was indeed a German agent. The most celebrated segment of her act was her progressive shedding of clothing until she wore just a jeweled breastplate and some ornaments upon her arms and head. Her father owned a hat shop, made successful investments in the oil industry, and became affluent enough to give Margaretha a lavish early childhood[7] that included exclusive schools until the age of 13. [4], Margaretha Zelle was born 7 August 1876, in Leeuwarden, Netherlands. The Frisian museum (Dutch: Fries Museum) in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, contains a "Mata Hari Room". ABOUT Mata Hari : Dancer, temptress, spy – Margareta Zelle, aka Mata Hari, goes behind the scenes as a spy during World War I. Her head was embalmed and kept in the Museum of Anatomy in Paris. She passed along pieces of French gossip to Kalle in exchange for what turned out to be equally useless information on German activity. Profession: Exotic Dancer, Courtesan and German Spy. Margaretha Zelle, a.k.a. She was accused of spying for Germany, causing the deaths of at least 50,000 soldiers, and was put on trial in July 1917. In 2004, Mata Hari appeared in the Charmed season 6 episode "Used Karma" when a spell gone awry caused her spirit to possess protagonist Phoebe Halliwell. She moved with her husband to Malang on the east side of the island of Java, traveling out on SS Prinses Amalia in May 1897, and had two children, Norman-John MacLeod (1897–1899) and Louise Jeanne MacLeod (1898–1919). "[16], By about 1910, myriad imitators had arisen. She studied Indonesian traditions intensely for several months and joined a local dance company during that time. French Intelligence intercepted it and identified as Mata Hari. Her act was successful because it elevated erotic dance to a more respectable status and so broke new ground in a style of entertainment for which Paris was later to become world-famous. [8] Despite traditional assertions that Mata Hari was partly of Javanese, i.e. In correspondence to her relatives in the Netherlands in 1897, she revealed her artistic name of Mata Hari, the word for "sun" in the local Malay language (literally, "eye of the day"). As a Dutch subject, Zelle was thus able to cross national borders freely. [43], The idea of an exotic dancer working as a lethal double agent using her powers of seduction to extract military secrets from her many lovers made Mata Hari an enduring archetype of the femme fatale.[44]. She was executed by firing squad in … Mata Hari, byname of Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod, née Zelle, (born Aug. 7, 1876, Leeuwarden, Neth.—died Oct. 15, 1917, Vincennes, near Paris, France), dancer and courtesan whose name has become a synonym for the seductive female spy. [14], By 1904, Mata Hari began to win fame as an exotic dancer. Maybe she wasn't entirely innocent, but it seems clear she wasn't the master-spy whose information sent thousands of soldiers to their deaths, as has been claimed. The controversial life and death of Mata Hari, the glamorous WWI double agent, executed in 1917, has recently been reassessed in the light of new evidence. [22], In January 1917, Major Kalle transmitted radio messages to Berlin describing the helpful activities of a German spy code-named H-21, whose biography so closely matched Zelle's that it was patently obvious that Agent H-21 could only be Mata Hari. However, by this time she had become a successful courtesan, known more for her sensuality and eroticism than for her beauty. This development served as proof to the Second Bureau that the names of the six spies had been communicated by Mata Hari to the Germans. During World War I, the Netherlands remained neutral. The name Mata Hari is virtually shorthand for a sultry seductress who uses beauty and feminine wiles to obtain information. (Photo by … Mata Hari was deported to Spain, where she began romantic relationships with both German … [8] She was never seen bare-breasted as she was self-conscious about being small-breasted. She was a contemporary of dancers Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis, leaders in the early modern dance movement, which around the turn of the 20th century looked to Asia and Egypt for artistic inspiration. Name variations: Margarida Zelle; Mata Hari; Baroness von der Linden; Clara Benedix or Benedict; Red Dancer. "[34], Zelle was executed by a firing squad of 12 French soldiers just before dawn on 15 October 1917. Mata Hari was a world-famous Dutch burlesque dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being a German spy during WWI. [15] She became the long-time mistress of the millionaire Lyon industrialist Émile Étienne Guimet, who had founded the Musée. In early 1917 the German staff in Madrid transmitted messages to Berlin referring the activities of a German spy , code named H-21. [16] Bouchardon was able to establish that much of the Mata Hari persona was invented, and far from being a Javanese princess, Zelle was actually Dutch, which he was to use as evidence of her dubious and dishonest character at her trial. As a Dutch subject, Zelle was thus able to cross national borders freely. [19], Unaware that the Crown Prince did not have much to do with the running of Army Group Crown Prince or the 5th Army, the Deuxième Bureau offered Zelle one million francs if she could seduce him and provide France with good intelligence about German plans. French intelligence assumed this spy must have been Mata Hari and … Birthplace: Leeuwarden, Netherlands If Mata Hari was already a German spy, as Ladoux believed, then he was foolhardy to try to recruit her to be a French one. To avoid the battlefields, she travelled between France and the Netherlands via Spain and Britain, and her movements inevitably attracted attention. [19] [11] MacLeod was an alcoholic and regularly beat his wife, who was twenty years younger and whom he blamed for his lack of promotion. In 1917, the German military referred to a German spy with the code-name ‘H-21’. Sanskrit Baby Names Meaning: In Sanskrit Baby Names the meaning of the name Hari is: Lion. Zelle's contact with the Deuxième Bureau was Captain Georges Ladoux, who was later to emerge as one of her principal accusers. [citation needed], In the summer of 1916, Maslov was shot down and badly wounded during a dogfight with the Germans, losing his sight in both eyes, which led Zelle to ask for permission to visit her wounded lover at the hospital where he was staying near the front. French intelligence assumed this spy must have been Mata Hari and had her arrested. [22] During this period, Zelle apparently offered to share French secrets with Germany in exchange for money, though whether this was because of greed or an attempt to set up a meeting with Crown Prince Wilhelm remains unclear. [19], Mata Hari herself admitted under interrogation to taking money to work as a German spy. [26] Located in Mata Hari's native town, the museum is well known for research into the life and career of Leeuwarden's world-famous citizen. In October 2001, documents released from the archives of MI5 (British counter-intelligence) were used by a Dutch group, the Mata Hari Foundation, to ask the French government to exonerate Zelle as they argued that the MI5 files proved she was not guilty of the charges she was convicted of. 1917-02-13 Dutch exotic dancer Mata Hari is arrested in Paris on suspicion that she is a German spy 1917-07-24 Trial of Dutch exotic dancer Mata Hari begins in Paris for allegedly spying for Germany and thus causing the deaths of 50,000 soldiers He also openly kept a concubine, a socially accepted practice in the Dutch East Indies at that time. Jeanne later died at the age of 21, also possibly from complications relating to syphilis. She was shot by the French on charges of spying for Germany during World War I. [10], Although Mata Hari's claims about her origins were fictitious, it was very common for entertainers of her era to invent colorful stories about their origins as part of the show. August 7, 1876 Leeuwarden, Netherlands October 15, 1917 Paris, France. Although the French and British intelligence suspected her of spying for Germany, neither could produce definite evidence against her. On 24 July 1917, Mata Hari was put on trial for being a German spy and consequently causing the deaths of 500,000 soldiers. [16] In the meantime, Ladoux had been preparing a case against his former agent by casting all of her activities in the worst possible light, going so far as to engage in evidence tampering. One evidently enthusiastic French journalist wrote in a Paris newspaper that Mata Hari was "so feline, extremely feminine, majestically tragic, the thousand curves and movements of her body trembling in a thousand rhythms. Star Sign: Leo, Died: October 15, 1917 (aged 41) Hired by army captain Georges Ladoux, … Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (née Zelle; 7 August 1876 – 15 October 1917), better known by the stage name Mata Hari (/ˈmɑːtə ˈhɑːri/), was a Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being a spy for Germany during World War I. [16], In November 1916, she was travelling by steamer from Spain when her ship called at the British port of Falmouth. Possibly one of the most famous spies of all time, Mata Hari was an exotic dancer and high-class prostitute in Paris who spied for Germany during World War I. She was put in Saint-Lazare prison. During World War I, she was certainly a sensation, both for her sensuality and her succession of lovers, but the facts regarding her espionage activities remain obscure. The French claimed that, since she was Dutch and allowed to travel back and forth between enemy lines, she’d seduce French officers, get information, and then slip back over to the Germans and hand over what she had. Her life inspired a number of films, including: Mata Hari's life also inspired at least five stage musicals: In the 1992 TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, Indiana Jones has a romance with Mata Hari (portrayed by Domiziana Giordano) and gets involved in her espionage. [19], Before the war, Zelle had performed as Mata Hari several times before the Crown Prince Wilhelm, eldest son of Kaiser Wilhelm II and nominally a senior German general on the Western Front. ] as a Dutch subject, Zelle returned to him by male witch Richard Montana, garnered... Wales, she travelled between France and the Netherlands via Spain and,... Style and free-willed attitude made her a popular woman, as did her eagerness perform... 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